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Libelle of note

Current description of the heart follows an attitudinally appropriate fashion; this has implications for the naming of multiple parts of the heart (Anderson and Loukas 2009. Clin Anat 22:47-51; Farré et al. 2010 Pace 33:597-507).

One of the landmarks of the atrioventricular nodal triangle is formed by a fibrous continuation of the valve of the inferior vena cava, also known as the tendon of Todaro (Ho and Anderson 2000 J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 11:83-89; Mori et al. 2015 Clin Anat 28:878-887).

Each cuspis of the atrioventricular valves shows three parts: apex, margo and base (Kachlik et al. 2021 Bosn J Basic Med Sci 21:208-220).

The semilunar leaflets of the pulmonary valve are separated by commissures: sinistrodextra, anterosinistra and anterodextra (Kachlik et al. 2021 Bosn J Basic Med Sci 21:208-220).

The trabecula septomarginalis contains the right crus of the atrioventricular bundle. It is situated at the lower, apical end of the right ventricle and connects the septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle. The term septomarginal trabeculation is used for the body of the prominent myocardial bundle that reinforces the septal surface of the right ventricle. The so-called moderator band is one of a series of septoparietal trabeculations.

The coarse nature of the apical trabeculations of the right ventricle allows the chamber to be distinguished from the left ventricle, which has fine apical trabeculations (Ho and Nihoyannopoulos 2009 Heart 92, Suppl 1).

Small accessory cusps are almost always found between the two major cusps of the left atrioventricular valve.

The semilunar leaflets of the aortic valve are separated by commissures: sinistrodextra, posterosinistra and posterodextra (Kachlik et al. 2021 Bosn J Basic Med Sci 21:208-220).

Membrana bronchopericardiaca A connective tissue membrane consisting mainly of collagenous fibres that extends from the anterior surface of the tracheal bifurcation via the dorsal wall of the pericardium to the diaphragm. Three fibre directions can be discerned. Vertical fibres run in the direction just mentioned. Transverse fibres run from the pericardium into the lung where they join the adventitia of the large pulmonary veins. Oblique fibres extend from the two main bronchi diagonally over the pericardium into the opposite pulmonal ligaments. The membrane is the borderline between the middle and the posterior mediastinum, together with the tracheal bifurcation. Its function is to stabilize the tracheal bifurcation and that of the main bronchi, in relation to the dorsal aspect of the pericardium and the pulmonary hilus, during movements relating to respiration, the larynx, and the head. Benninghoff Anatomie. 1994. Edited by Drenckhahn D. and Zenker W. Vol. 1. p. 557. München-Wien-Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg. Rauber/Kopsch. 1987. Anatomie des Menschen. Edited by Leonhardt H. Vol. 2, p. 159. “Innere Organe." Stuttgart, New York: Georg Thieme.

The interleaflet triangles occupy the space between the distal semilunar hinges of the leflets of the arterial valves as they extend to become attached at the sinutubular junction (Vismara et al. 2014 J Biomech 47:329-333). They may also be viewed as parts of the fibrous skeleton of the heart (Saremi et al. 2017 Radiographics 37:1330-1351).

The vestibulum of the right atrium is the smooth-walled part that supports the hinges of the leaflets of the right atrioventricular valve (Ueda A, et al. 2013. Europace 15:728-734).

This isthmus is the inferior part of the septal surface of the right atrium. It extends from the wall of the inferior vena cava to the hinge of the inferior leaflet of the tricuspid valve (Saremi et al. 2008 Radiology 247:658-668).

Ho SY, et al. (2011) Anatomy of the left atrium for interventional echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 12:11-15.

The term skeleton fibrosum cordis is a general term for the fibrous scaffold supporting the valves and muscle fibres and electrically isolating the atria from the ventricles. It comprises a fibrous centre, two trigones, four anuli, three ligaments, the membranous septum and some related structures (Saremi et al. 2017 Radiographics 37:1330-1351 and Zimmerman 1966 Ann R Coll Surg Eng 39:348-366).

The right fibrous trigone together with the adjacent membranous septum and the insertion of the tendon of Todaro (currently listed as tendo spatii pyramidalis inferioris) form the so-called central fibrous body of the heart (Saremi et al. 2017 Radiographics 37:1330-1351).

The interleaflet triangles occupy the space between the distal semilunar hinges of the leflets of the arterial valves as they extend to become attached at the sinutubular junction (Vismara et al. 2014 J Biomech 47:329-333). They may also be viewed as parts of the fibrous skeleton of the heart (Saremi et al. 2017 Radiographics 37:1330-1351).

The larger part of the left atrium is smooth-walled with only the atrial appendage lined by pectinate muscles (Ho et al. 2011 Eur J Echocardiogr 12:11-15).

Intersection of coronary and inferior interventricular sulci on the diaphragmatic aspect of the heart (DiDio and Wakefield 1975 Anat Anz 137:147-158)

Internodal tracts are bands of specialized myocytes, which are believed to extend between the sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes (James 1963 Am Heart J 66:498-508; James 2001 Prog Cardiovasc Dis 43:495-535; Seo et al. 2022 J Chest Surg 55:364-377).

The interatrial or interauricular bundle of Bachmann derives from the anterior internodal tract (Bachmann 1916 Am J Physiol 41:309-320).

The middle internodal tract was decribed by Wenckebach (1907 Arch Anat Physiol 1:1-2).

The posterior internodal tract was described by Thorel (1910 Münch med Wochenschr 57:183-186).

Fila coronaria are fibrous subendocardial cords, extensions of the fibrous trigones, forming about 75% of the anuli fibrosi (Kachlik et al. 2021 Bosn J Basic Med Sci 21:208-220).

The membranous parts of the interventricular and atrioventricular septa have also been viewed as parts of the fibrous skeleton of the heart (Saremi et al. 2017 Radiographics 37:1330-1351; Kachlik et al. 2021 Bosn J Basic Med Sci 21:208-220). The atrioventricular part of the membranous septum is found between the left ventricle and the right atrium (NA3/4).

Clinical term for a fibrous area between the fibrous trigones, the anulus fibrosus sinister and the anulus aorticus, important in aortic valvular replacement surgery (Saremi et al. 2017 Radiographics 37:1330-1351).

Fila coronaria are fibrous subendocardial cords, extensions of the fibrous trigones, forming about 75% of the anuli fibrosi (Kachlik et al. 2021 Bosn J Basic Med Sci 21:208-220).

The anulus aorticus and anulus trunci pulmonalis are integrated parts of the fibrous skeleton of the heart, encircling the corresponding ostia, and forming a scaffold for the corresponding valves (Saremi et al. 2017 Radiographics 37:1330-1351; Kachlik et al. 2021 Bosn J Basic Med Sci 21:208-220).

The tendo infundibuli is an inconstant fibrous band within the crista supraventricularis, arising at the level of the membranous part of the interventricular septum and extending cranially to connect with the infundibulum. It forms no real component of the fibrous skeleton of the heart (Saremi et al. 2017 Radiographics 37:1330-1351; Kachlik et al. 2021 Bosn J Basic Med Sci 21:208-220).

The tendon of the conus is an inconstant fibrous band at the level of contact between the pulmonary trunk and the ascending aorta (Saremi et al. 2017 Radiographics 37:1330-1351).

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Each leaflet of the right atrioventricular valve is separated from the others by commissures: anteroposterior, posteroseptalis and anteroseptalis (Kachlik et al. 2021 Bosn J Basic Med Sci 21:208-220).

Each leaflet of the left atrioventricular valve is separated from the others by commissures: anterolateral and posteromedial (Kachlik et al. 2021 Bosn J Basic Med Sci 21:208-220).

The inferior pyramidal space is occupied by fibroadipose tissue of the inferior atrioventricular groove, which fills the space between the atrial floor of the atrioventricular nodal triangle and the crest of the muscular interventricular septum (Mori et al. 2015 Clin Anat 28:878-887).